The Demoralizing Reality of the Recpnstruction Era

The promise of freedom to all â€Å"slaves† came with the end of the Civil War. The 13th amendment, ratified on December 6, 1885 officially freed any remaining slaves. Then, the 14th amendment was ratified in the summer of 1968; it stated that â€Å"all persons born or naturalized in the United States† would be given citizenship. The 15th amendment followed and gave all men, but not women, the right to vote regardless of race. It appeared as if all freed men and women would soon be as fortunate as any white person. Unfortunately, this was an illusion. While Congress could ratify amendments, the states retained a massive amount of power and utilized this to reissue the Slave Codes as Black Codes. While all of the southern states passed Black Codes,†¦show more content†¦The newly freed men became scapegoats for the defeat of the South. The former slaves were a reminder of how much everything had changed after the war. Instead of working in the fields under whit e masters, they now competed for jobs with poor white farmers. The way that white southerners distinguished themselves from the freedmen was by the terrorism of the Klu Klux Klan (KKK). By joining the KKK a white southerner could take action backed by a large organization without fear of repercussions. At anytime the KKK could come to your door and hassle, berate, or even hang you simply because you were now free and had committed some tiny infraction. The testimony of Harriet Postle is a prime example that no freed person was safe. Her family committed no crime yet the KKK still burst down their door, and severely beat Mrs. Postle. The fact that she was around eight months pregnant didn’t deter the KKK from abusing her. Harriet Postle stated in her testimony that the KKK, â€Å"beat my head against the side of the house till I had no sense hardly left.† Now the freedmen lived in their own homes without a master, but any Klansman could come in and do what they please d. Before the Civil War black men and women had no fear of the Klan because they didn’t exist. Now the newly freed person had the Klan breathing down their back along with the inability to assemble or go where they pleased. If a freedman was lucky enough to find a job and receive a meager wage for

Psychology A Profession And A Science - 1525 Words

Psychology is both a profession and a science. As a profession, it is concerned with foreseeing how individuals will act, helping individuals to modify their behaviour and helping associations, groups and societies change. Then again as a science psychology is the investigation of how individuals see (Super Super, 2009). A percentage of the psychological professions include clinical psychology, counseling psychology, health psychology, forensic psychology, social psychology etc. (Keether Morgan, 2013). I have decided to pursue with MSc. forensic psychology after my undergraduate degree. Forensic psychology is that piece of psychiatry, which manages patients and issues at the interface of the legitimate and psychiatric frameworks (Towl, Farrington, Crighton Hughes, 2008). The vast majority of the psychology professions fall into the chartered areas. Chartered refers to an evaluation of membership of the British psychological society (BPS). The general public is approved to give that title by its royal charter. It is conceded to psychologists who have attained and maintained proficient capabilities and experience, which have been reviewed by the general public. Enlistment by the HPC (Health Professions Council) and chartered membership of the BPS obliges that the psychologist have proper capabilities and experience; the psychologist is in dynamic work on as indicated by the current expert gauges and has attempted suitable consistent expert improvement (National CenterShow MoreRelate dPsychology Is Alive And Well883 Words   |  4 Pages When people hear that you are majoring in psychology, there are some negative connotations that come with it. As a science, psychology isn’t taken seriously, and is only thought of as a pseudoscience. Of course, this isn’t the case. As a student of psychology I know how arduous it can be and I believe that psychology deserves a lot more respect than it gets. The skewed view of psychology that the public has begins with the media. Psychology is marketed in the form of self-help books, TV shows likeRead MoreEssay about Historical Development of Nursing Timeline1050 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction The evolution of nursing as a profession had showed through time that it is both an art and science. Before the 19th century, the military and religious orders are the ones who perform the duties of how nurses work today. As time went by, different events throughout history such as wars and epidemics had shaped nursing to its present organization. Nowadays, nursing is pushing further towards the future in improving itself as a profession for better care and service to the communityRead MoreBecoming a Clinical Psychologist Essay1037 Words   |  5 PagesBecoming a Clinical Psychologist The word psychology can translate to mean â€Å"the science of the soul.† Since Aristotle, psychology has become both a science and a profession. As a profession, it is the application of understanding people and their behavior to help solve human problems (Careers, 1993). A psychologist usually concentrates on one specialty that is of particular interest. There are many different fields of psychology to study. Clinical psychologists work with people with emotionalRead MorePsychotherapy is the Practice of Psychology, by Lee Sechrest and Bradley Smith871 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Psychotherapy is the Practice of Psychology,† present a compelling argument for the complete integration of the aspects of theory, research, and practice of psychotherapy into the discipline of psychology. The authors define integration as the â€Å"[unification] of a body of knowledge in systematic way that is coherent and heuristic† (Sechrest Smith, 2012, p. 170). The article claims full integration of psychotherapy into psychology would create a discipline rooted in science, grounded by a large body ofRead MoreImportance of Psychology in Nursing786 Words   |  4 Pages| Importance of Psychology in Nursing Practice | Roles amp; Perspectives | | Author Name | | University Name | It is very important to understand the psyche and thought process of the individuals for the people in Health related profession. That’s why Psychology plays a major role in the professional development of the nurses. This document is a study of the important perspectives of Psychology which are incorporated in Nursing practices. | Table of Contents Table ofRead MoreThe Broad Field Of Psychology1199 Words   |  5 PagesThe broad field of psychology encompasses several different subsets in order to touch upon every aspect of the practice. A particularly interesting one would be cognitive psychology. This area of study focuses on several mental processes; mostly memory, perception and learning. Through the adaption of science and technology, cognitive psychology continues to grow as an important field in psychology. History of Cognitive Psychology Cognitive Psychology originally did not begin as that title. In theRead MoreTraumatic Brain Injury1030 Words   |  5 Pagesis to obtain a Bachelor’s in Science concentrated in Psychology to enhance my knowledge of the world and how we interact with it while building a foundation in the professional and technical skills needed as I continue my education at the graduate level. A science designation will allow me to focus up to 50% of my attention toward both experimental research as well as clinical experiences to better assist me in clarifying the endgame. 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In order to understand nursing science, I will discuss the historical development and explain the relationship between nursing profession and nursing science. Also, I will discuss how other disciplines can influence nursing science. This will help understand how theoretical thinking has evolved. Theory development and theory thinking wasRead MoreThe Theories Of The Theory Of Psychology1493 Words   |  6 PagesPsychology develop from its prescientific roots in early understands of both mind and body to the present beginning of modern science by the numerous contributions of many philosophers. These ideas that are recorded could be traced back to Asia and Europe, where the religions and ideas of Buddha and Confucius is originated. Ancient Hebrews, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are the philosophers that became very intrigued with how the mind and body works and debated several reasons that may be the answer

Advertising and Beauty Product Advertisements free essay sample

This study examined beauty advertisements in local English magazines from a Critical Discourse Analysis perspective. This study mainly focused on the use of language in beauty advertisements and strategies employed by advertisers to manipulate and influence their customers. The analysis is based on Fairclough’s three-dimensional framework. It demonstrates how the ideology of ‘beauty’ is produced and reproduced through advertisements in popular local women’s magazines. A qualitative research was conducted on beauty product advertisements in two popular local women’s magazines, Cleo and Women’s Weekly. The findings indicated that advertisers used various strategies to manipulate women. The advertisements promote an idealised lifestyle and manipulate readers to a certain extent into believing whatever that is advertised is indeed true. This study revealed how the ideology of beauty is constructed and reconstructed through magazines by stereotyping how beauty products are synonymous with a better life. Advertising language is used to control people’s minds. Thus people in power (advertisers) use language as a means to exercise control over others. Keywords: CDA, advertisements, power, manipulate 1. Introduction The stiff competition in attracting potential customers has forced advertisers to employ vigorous advertising strategies techniques such as, construct a problem that can only be solved by using their products. Similarly, beauty product companies advertise their products to convince women. Magazines are a good example of a powerful media which regularly reach a vast number of women. The local English Language magazines are constantly flooded with beauty product advertisements. Some of them provide quite a lot of information such as, the background of the product, its effectiveness, feedback or testimonies by celebrity’s or women who have used the product, price, and so on whereas some are rather short and condensed. These advertisements tend to manipulate readers to a certain extent into believing whatever that is advertised is indeed true. The major stakeholders in advertising are the manufacturers, consumers and advertising agencies. Advertisements reach out to consumers through various media such as internet, radio, television, magazines and newspapers. In order to ensure that advertisements are able to reach the target group, advertisers need to select the right medium. For instance, if the target group is the generation Y group, then internet would be the best source as many young people today go online when purchasing products be it clothes, gadgets, books and so on. As print media such as magazines can reach both young and old alike, advertisers or manufacturers of products take opportunity to promote their product through this media. Visuals and language in the advertisements play a pertinent role to attract women. The next section will discuss on the role of language in advertising. Cook (2001) points out that advertisements inform, persuade, remind, influence and perhaps change opinions, emotions and attitudes. In other words, his contention is that advertisements do not only sell products but change society and make people buy things they do not want or need. He also feels that advertisements do give warnings or information to people. Hence, advertisements can help create awareness, construct identities and attitude. There are many advertisements in women’s magazines that advertise beauty products influencing women and 61 www. ccsenet. org/ass Asian Social Science Vol. 9, No.3; 2013 beauty has become an absolute religious imperative for women, thus pressuring them to do their best to hold their beauty (Baudrillard, 2005). The â€Å"ideal† women is stereotyped through visual and textual aspects of the advertisements. Advertisers use visual and linguistic means to persuade their audience. It is argued that â€Å"advertising is the most influential institution of socialisation in modern society† (Jhally, 1995). This scenario has brought into perspective on how people who are in control of advertisements manage to exercise their power and at the same time manipulate women’s beliefs. Lau and Zuraidah (2010) perceived that advertising has been subtly distorting reality and manipulating consumers to make them buy a way of life as well as goods. Thus studies on advertisements in women’s magazines would be of great relevance to advertisers. In order to know how advertisers influence women, it is necessary first to understand what advertising is all about. Advertisements are important but not many studies have been conducted in the local context from a CDA perspective. Thus there is indeed a need for studies to investigate the use of language and other semiotic modalities in beauty product advertisements. The findings of such research efforts can contribute further to the field of advertising as well as language and society. This study will address the following research questions: 1) What are the linguistic features used in beauty product advertisements? 2) What are the discursive techniques employed in beauty product advertisements to manipulate women? 2. Methodology Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework employed in this study is Critical Discourse Analysis framework (2001). Advertisements are seen as media discourse as they involve language and social processes. Hence this framework is used to show the link between the nature of social practice and the properties of language â€Å"texts†. A qualitative design was adopted for this study. A qualitative study was appropriate in this study which seeks to investigate how discourse in advertisements involves people’s construction of meanings. Beauty product advertisements in English Language local magazines were analysed. Hence for a descriptive analysis, a qualitative analysis is more appropriate rather than a quantitative analysis. Purposive sampling was done as the study was to investigate only on beauty product advertisements where not many studies have been conducted namely lipstick, mascara and eye cream. Data was collected from two local women’s magazine, Cleo and Women’s Weekly from six issues consecutively from January to June 2012. Every advertisement on eye cream, lipstick and mascara from these magazines was retrieved and analysed. The data analysis is based on Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis framework (2001). Hence this framework is used to show the link between the nature of social practice and the properties of language â€Å"texts†. His three-dimensional framework includes a conception of discourse as text (micro level), discourse practice (meso level) and sociocultural practice (macro level). Its aim is to explore the relationships among language, ideology and power and to find out how advertisers persuade the women to buy their products. Thus, this study focused on analysing the linguistic features of beauty product advertisements in women’s magazines in Malaysia and highlights how the use of language tends to manipulate women beliefs based on the content of the advertisements. Figure 1. Fairclough’s three-dimensional model, 2001 62 www. ccsenet. org/ass Asian Social Science Vol. 9, No. 3; 2013 3. Results and Discussions The analysis is presented at the textual (micro), discursive practice (meso) and social practice (macro) level based on Fairclough’s (2001) CDA framework. 3. 1 Textual Analysis The textual analysis relates to research question 1 on the linguistic features in the advertisements analysed. At this level of analysis the linguistic features such as vocabulary, syntax and rhetorical devices employed in advertisements are discussed. In the study there was a great use of direct address in the advertisements for both ideological and practical reasons. The use of the second-person personal and possessive pronouns such as ‘you’ and ‘yours’ seek to address the readers directly and personally. When people are addresses individually rather than as part of mass audience it is considered highly valued. This handling of people on an individual basis is referred as ‘synthetic personalization’ (Fairclough, 1989:62). Based on the total fifty eight beauty products advertisements analysed, twenty had used direct address. Examples are as shown below: ?

Wild Revenge in Medea free essay sample

Revenge is a kind of wild justice. Throughout many texts, the notion of justice has been debated on whether it is an act that vindicates those who have been wronged or an excuse to pursue revenge. Through Medea, Medea’s actions have been judged and criticised whether her murders are an act of justice that she deserves or simply the idea of inflicting pain on those she loathes. Revenge is the predominant motivator for the psychological and corporeal action of the play. In the play, Medea is self absorbed into her misery, her determination of inflicting pain and suffering to Jason consumes her entire rationality and revenge is her only focus point in the play. She effectively draws the Chorus in, â€Å"to work revenge on Jason for his wrongs to me, say nothing. † Their complicity with Medea effectively proposes her to accomplish her revenge as she knows she has manipulated them. We will write a custom essay sample on Wild Revenge in Medea or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Medea continuously referring to revenge â€Å"I shall see my enemies punished as they deserve† which emphasises her firm intentions of achieving her revenge. This undoubtedly allows the audience to question the act of her revenge. It seemed in the beginning that Medea’s revenge could have been related to however, when she murders her children, the traditional role of motherhood instantly falls away. The chorus, having lost their sympathy question her morality, â€Å"why must this rage devour your heart, to spend itself in slaughter of children? †Her moral ambition is unstoppable and her barbaric nature destroys all her relationships. It is evident in Medea that her objective is to torment Jason through the murder of her children yet this type of revenge cannot be concluded as justice. However wrong Jason has offended her, the murder of her children cannot be forgiven. She refuses to be wavered by the Chorus to not murder her children as she is fully aware of the mental damage this act will distress Jason. Her pride and views of humiliation do not leave her even til the minute she kills her off springs. Medea’s belief on wild justice is beyond of what the society believes in. She believes that the act of violence is the only solution to solve her situation. Her act of revenge is supported by the Chorus who feel that â€Å"to punish Jason will be just. Significantly, this notion of support encourages Medea to believe she is correct in punishing Jason and continues to believe her operation of revenge is justice. Each murder that emerges within Medea conveys the true nature of her behaviour. The theme of violence is continually repeated thus it depicts how consumed she is by revenge. Furthermore, the disputed topic of the chorus supporting her, illustrates th e ‘justice’ a society has. When the gods are pleaded to and do not take action against Medea’s acts of infanticide, it questions our morals on what we powerless humans can do to change a difficult situation. This concept portrays a system which lacks in authority which leads to doubt that surrounds the idea of ‘wild justice. ’ The gods have a small role which plays in the part of revenge as a wild justice. It was always the goddess of love who obtained Medea’s help on Jason’s behalf. The Chorus had always believed that her actions were due her nature for loving Jason and sympathised her emotions as she was only a woman. â€Å"We were born women – useless for honest purposes, But in all kinds of evil skilled practitioners. This ideally would have additionally been a reason for Medea to pursue a reason of right for women, which could have been a valid reason for a wild justice. In addition, the extent of wild justice can be depicted in another form. Medea successfully uses deception to achieve her goals. This notion of deception is integrated deeply in Medea to allow the characters to expand their knowledge and attain what they believe is â€Å"justice. † Medea’s persona is conveyed to be intelligent and cunning but it is normally depicted that the heroine is young, beautiful and somewhat dumb. She easily manipulates characters to do her bidding. .. you are a father too, you should feel kindly towards them. † When Medea pleads Creon to let her stay she effectively uses his affection for his daughter and his parental role to gain a small yet important favour. The one day she is allowed to stay to â€Å"make provisions for her two sons† . This evidently proves her cunning intellect as part of her nature and easily persuades with her use of words. Her revenge against Glauce could be considered as sexual jealousy as Jason had pointed out, however, her pride and passion do not allow her to break the barrier that has been enforced between her mind and her morals. She is too consumed by revenge to allow justice to come through. All in all, revenge as a wild justice, is efficiently portrayed in Medea by using various forms. Each form discusses the actions of Medea and to what extent wild justice has affected the outcome of the play. This inevitably, controls the reader and their beliefs. Her journey of revenge brings out the theme of wild justice and leads to a deeper understanding of what moral responsibility is that is needed in our own lives.